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Sunday, January 31, 2010

Look like hard sport make more exercise????









































Maybe hardcore make more better...in time of mobilize everything as you need to move very fast and success...time for chances of next generation...that no more ask and ask and cliam more and more chances because of born to be poor or born to be out side that trully rural,,,....no way for more science or technology inside rural....it make the type of greedy and hunger chances type of people...they called as poverty or grassroot???????that still be full of some region of government personel of somewhere inside some country of this world......it is the way of some executive or government political human capical of some countries used theses nce born to be people as these to force them to do as order about corrupsion style for our group our organize or our better being life by take some budget of dicrimination big budget of centre budget into private black accounts only for return how to gave chances again and again to those some group of no way born to be no chance of education area....so it must still be big corrupsion in some undevelopt countries...if we still move too slowly to approval new generation to get equal eduacation ,science and technology chances in rural sone....under security belief that no human right discrimination inside government personel in some developing countries...human training must difference from begining education that cannot fulfill forever...difference from training or long term learning education that you can fill yourself by more technical under no discrimination because of you born to be rich and good education ...so you cannot get any training from government again...only poverty can take those more skill or technical on professional way forever......look like it is still be happened again and again inside government training of somewhere in this world...we must give better chance for the people like this....move by hard core developt...if not ...we must got only low or no chance personel in government sone eternally...the best personel capital be inside only trade ,marketing or financial world..only that????political and government zone must got only no chance out let people that work only for low salary ,bad corrupsion only for group or some or organization that support together ...all chances only for each others?????wwwow...maybe it must still happed in some of only low profile background organization as some executive accused?????no way out for next generation under no corrupsion and high income generation????knock and head lock quickly...we must smack it down...and get the new culture value!!!!!for the future....


sugarcane and smack down in hardcore games...inside sport day...


http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/hard/

Hardcore

CHAMPION DEFEATED LOCATION DATE VIDEO
Mankind n/a Houston, TX 11-02-98
Big Boss Man Mankind Baltimore, MD 11-30-98
Road Dogg Big Boss Man Spokane, WA 12-15-98
Hardcore Holly Al Snow Memphis, TN 02-14-99
Billy Gunn Hardcore Holly San Jose, CA 03-15-99
Hardcore Holly Billy Gunn Philadelphia, PA 03-28-99
Al Snow Hardcore Holly Providence, RI 04-25-99
Big Boss Man Al Snow Buffalo, NY 07-25-99
Al Snow Big Boss Man Minneapolis, MN 08-22-99
Big Boss Man Al Snow Kansas City, MO 08-24-99
Davey Boy Smith Big Boss Man Albany, NY 09-07-99
Al Snow null Albany, NY 09-07-99
Big Boss Man Al Snow Birmingham, AL 10-12-99
Test Big Boss Man New Haven, CT 01-17-00
Crash Holly Test Nashville, TN 02-22-00
Pete Gas Crash Holly Newark, NJ 03-13-00
Crash Holly Pete Gas Newark, NJ 03-13-00
Hardcore Holly Crash Holly Anaheim, CA 04-02-00
Crash Holly Hardcore Holly Los Angeles, CA 04-03-00
Perry Saturn Crash Holly Tampa, FL 04-11-00
Tazz Perry Saturn Tampa, FL 04-11-00
Crash Holly Tazz Tampa, FL 04-11-00
Matt Hardy Crash Holly Raleigh, NC 04-24-00
Crash Holly Matt Hardy Charlotte, NC 04-25-00
Davey Boy Smith Crash Holly London, England 05-06-00
Crash Holly Davey Boy Smith New Haven, CT 05-09-00
Godfather's Ho Crash Holly Cleveland, OH 05-15-00
Crash Holly Godfather's Ho Cleveland, OH 05-15-00
Gerald Brisco Crash Holly Detroit, MI 06-06-00
Crash Holly Gerald Brisco St. Louis, MO 06-13-00
Gerald Brisco Crash Holly Nashville, TN 06-19-00
Pat Patterson Gerald Brisco Nashville, TN 06-19-00
Crash Holly Pat Patterson Boston, MA 06-25-00
Steve Blackman Crash Holly Hartford, CT 06-27-00
Crash Holly Steve Blackman Tampa, FL 07-02-00
Steve Blackman Crash Holly Tampa, FL 07-02-00
Shane McMahon Steve Blackman Lafayette, LA 08-22-00
Steve Blackman Shane McMahon Raleigh, NC 08-27-00
Crash Holly Steve Blackman Philadelphia, PA 09-24-00
Perry Saturn Crash Holly Philadelphia, PA 09-24-00
Raven Steve Blackman Chatanooga, TN 12-22-00
Raven Al Snow Lafayette, LA 01-22-01
Al Snow Raven Lafayette, LA 01-22-01
K-Kwick Raven Greensboro, NC 02-03-01
Crash Holly K-Kwick Greensboro, NC 02-03-01
Raven Crash Holly Greensboro, NC 02-03-01
K-Kwick Raven Columbia, SC 02-04-01
Crash Holly K-Kwick Columbia, SC 02-04-01
null Crash Holly Columbia, SC 02-04-01
Hardcore Holly Raven N. Charleston, SC 02-06-01
Raven Hardcore Holly N. Charleston, SC 02-06-01
Hardcore Holly Raven St. Paul, MN 02-10-01
Raven Hardcore Holly St. Paul, MN 02-10-01
Hardcore Holly Raven Boston, MA 02-11-01
Raven Al Snow Boston, MA 02-11-01
Al Snow Hardcore Holly Boston, MA 02-11-01
Steve Blackman Raven Cedar Falls, IA 02-17-01
Raven Steve Blackman Cedar Falls, IA 02-17-01
Steve Blackman Raven Cape Girardeau, MO 02-18-01
Raven Steve Blackman Cape Girardeau, MO 02-18-01
Raven Billy Gunn Las Vegas, NV 02-25-01
Big Show Raven Las Vegas, NV 02-25-01
Billy Gunn Raven Las Vegas, NV 02-25-01
Raven Big Show Albany, NY 03-19-01
Kane Raven Houston, TX 04-01-01
Rhyno Kane Nashville, TN 04-17-01
Big Show Rhyno San Jose, CA 05-21-01
Chris Jericho Big Show Calgary, Alberta 05-28-01
Rhyno Chris Jericho Calgary, Alberta 05-28-01
Test Rhyno Baltimore, MD 06-12-01
Rhyno Test New York, NY 06-25-01
Mike Awesome

The Hardcore Championship was one of the most unique championships to ever be defended in WWE. It was originally given to Mick Foley, then known as Mankind, by the Chairman, Mr. McMahon. The rules of how to defend the championship even evolved with time, and it was eventually defended under 24/7 rules. That meant that the Hardcore Champion could be pinned at any time of day, any day of the week as long as a referee was around to make the three-count. The Hardcore Championship found its way around the waists of a very eclectic group of Superstars ranging from the likes of Mankind, Crash Holly, Big Show, Hardcore Holly, Big Boss Man and Kane, among numerous others.

Hardcore


http://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Hardcore-Sports-Fan


How to Become a Hardcore Sports Fan

originated by:Anonymous, Viral, Gamelvr96, Maluniu (see all)

Article pencil Edit Discuss View History

This article is an interesting guide on how to become a hardcore sports fan and go like really nuts during the game that the team you're rooting for is playing.

edit Steps

  1. 1
    Find a sport that you really enjoy. Usually sports that you enjoy are the ones that you play yourself, appreciate, and/or know the rules. This helps you enjoy the sport more.
  2. 2
    Find a team in your area that plays your sport. Sometimes, it does not have to be always a professional team. It can just be your local high school's football team, or basketball team, etc. You can still go nuts at any game!
  3. 3
    Get to know the players. Once you have found the team you want to root for, start learning each player's name. So maybe when that player did something spectacular, you can yell, "Nice job (player's name)!"
  4. 4
    Learn the chants and like yell them out loud. Try to know what chants that other fans yell during the game. If you know the chants, you can yell them out loud without being a fool. If you can, start a chant!
  5. 5
    You high-five everyone. When something crazy goes on, you high five everyone! Not just your family, but all the people around you! I went so nuts one time I even high-fived the usher! Literally, it was true.
  6. 6
    You need to get to the game early. Real fans get autographs from the players. Also, it gives you a chance to buy food before the game so you won't miss any action during crunch time.
  7. 7
    Last but not least, a true hardcore fan stays till the end of the game. "It aint over till its over" Even if your team is down by like 30 you still stay in your sit until the game is over.

edit Tips

  • Usually, you should yell and support your team until you lose your voice.
  • Get fired up before the game-It helps other fans get pumped up too.
  • Wear something to show your support for the team. You don't have to wear everything that represents your favorite team, but maybe just a shirt that has your team's name on it or a cap that shows their name would just do fine.
  • When you celebrate, celebrate with all the fans! Age does not matter during these times; its the spirit that the person has that counts.
  • Bring your friends to a game! The more, the merrier as I say.
  • Read Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby, which is the Bible of obsessive sports fans. It will teach you how to like a sports team (in Hornby's case, Arsenal FC) and still have an active life.
  • Although you can like a team not from your area, many people tend to frown upon it.

edit Warnings

  • Do not heckle fans that support another team unless other people are heckling them. Usually heckling creates fights, and that could get you arrested, which is not pretty.
  • Be smart about what you're doing. For example, don't be an idiot and run onto a baseball field during the game. You'll get kicked out and maybe arrested.
  • Try not to do things

http://www.devnet.org.nz/conf2002/papers/Naidu_Vijay.pdf


THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC
Professor Vijay Naidu
University of the South Pacific, Fiji
In September 2000 the Millennium Declaration
encompassing the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) was adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly. Among the 147
heads of state and governments who
participated in this process were a number of
Pacific island leaders. The MDGs have 8
goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators (see Annex
1).
The goals include the eradication of extreme
poverty and hunger, universal primary
education, gender equality and empowerment
of women, reduction in child mortality,
improvement in maternal health, combating
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,
environmental sustainability and developing a
global partnership for development. These
MDGs are both ambitious globally and
minimalist for many countries of the South
Pacific region. They follow in the wake of five
'development decades' and more than five
international conferences on 'development' in
the 1990s which saw governments commit to
wide ranging programmes of action to address
these issues. In the last two years further
conferences have taken place including UN
World Conference Against Racism, Racial
Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related
Intolerance, the conference on Financing for
Development, the UN conference on
HIV/AIDS, UN summit on Children and the
World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Both the Monterrey, Finance for Development
and the WSSD have strongly endorsed the
MDGs.
The post-1995 conferences have tended to
dilute earlier global development agreements
and to push the primary economic agendas of
powerful OECD countries especially free
trade. This has worked to undermine the
interests of developing countries and
exacerbate North - South divisions at the
global level, reducing the capacity of many
developing countries to achieve the MDGs. In
other words the international structure of
inequality has been reinforced post - WTO. It
is evident that the globalisation agenda is
firmly in place in Oceania with the adoption of
Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement

http://www.paddle.usp.ac.fj/collect/paddle/index/assoc/pifs001.dir/doc.pdf

http://eprints.qut.edu.au/2124/1/2124.pdf

SOCIAL JUSTICE IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: EDUCATION QUEENSLAND’S 2010 STRATEGY
Sandra Taylor and Miriam Henry
... expectations are again high that through learning, knowledge and retraining, an imposing
set of problems in the economy as well as society in general will be alleviated. Applying
such learning to the labour market, far from representing a withdrawal from equity in favour
of efficiency, is an integral part of its realisation -- equity and efficiency can co-exist,
indeed must. (OECD 1997, p. 8)
Education should not be considered exclusively in terms of meeting other ends (better
employment prospects, income chances, greater security), but as promoting social and
cultural participation, and thereby contributing to the reduction of marginality and
exclusion. (OECD 1997, p. 103)
Introduction
The concerns of this paper are encapsulated in two events which took place in Australia in 2000:
the protests in Melbourne at the World Economic Forum and the Olympic Games opening
extravaganza. The World Economic Forum exemplified the tensions between the efficiency
imperatives of economic globalisation and political imperatives for equity and social cohesion. The
egalitarian representation of Australia at the Olympic Games opening - with a strong Indigenous
presence - proclaimed 'difference' as a descriptor of Australian society; while more structural
concerns with equality, such as those raised by the Aboriginal 'tent embassy' at Redfern during the
Games, were diffused. While these two sets of tensions, between equity and efficiency and
between equality and difference, are not new, in the context of globalisation they have become
particularly potent, with significant implications for educational policy framings.
These tensions have been explored in some of our previous research on globalisation (Henry,
Lingard, Rizvi and Taylor 2001) and equity (Taylor and Henry 1996, Henry and Taylor 1999,
Henry 2001). Here, we want to bring these two fields of inquiry together through an examination
of Education Queensland's 2010 Strategy and related documents. These documents represent a
useful illustration of how global discourses of education - and the tensions within these - are
articulated at the local level and, as such, say something about the relationship between the local
and the global. They also illustrate how issues relating to social justice have become framed within
these global discourses.
Education in Queensland1 has been something of a political football over the last twenty years or so,
with changes from the conservative Bjelke-Petersen National party government, to Goss Labor, to the
Coalition, and back to Labor again. As in the other Australian states, the education system has been
through various phases of restructuring, school based management has been introduced, and there have
been major changes to the curriculum - often reflecting the political persuasions of the government of
1 In Australia, there is the added complexity in education policy making of a federal structure, where education is
constitutionally the responsibility of the states and territories, but where the Commonwealth has been increasingly
interventionist since the mid 19


http://www.ifad.org/rural/rpr2010/
http://www.r2iclubforums.com/forums/f59/chance-improve-rural-health-education-india-16345/

The Rural Poverty Report 2010

IFAD’s flagship publication looks at rural poverty today, and it presents contrasting visions of the future, to seek solutions that will enable rural people overcome poverty in a rapidly changing world. It is intended to inspire policy makers and practitioners, especially those in developing countries, with an improved understanding of how to create the conditions for reducing rural poverty today, and with new ideas about the options going forwards. The Report is expected to have lasting value for IFAD and its partners as well as the rural development community more broadly over the years to come.

The Rural Poverty Report will take as its entry point the issue of global food security, now and into the next 20 years – under increasingly uncertain conditions. The food, fuel and financial crises of 2008-2009 not only pushed many millions of people deeper into poverty and hunger; it also led us to ask new questions about food security in the future. While most projections suggest food production can keep pace with population growth and change, ensuring access to - or demand for - that food remains an enormous challenge.

Rural people are central to the story of global food security, and they will be at the heart of the Report. On the one hand, they make up the majority of the poor and the food insecure; but on the other, it is by enabling them to increase their agricultural production and bring more to the market, raise their incomes and create employment opportunities for the poorest that the greatest impact can be made to improve global food security.

Yet we know that rural people are not a single undifferentiated group. The problems and opportunities faced by rural people in different parts of the world vary: Brazil is different to Bhutan or Botswana; China has little in common with Chad or Chile. We know too that rural people have varied livelihoods, as producers of food and other agricultural products, as pastoralists, fishers, hunter-gatherers, and – increasingly – as labourers and micro-entrepreneurs. And we know too that the problems faced by men are frequently different to those faced by women, by the youth, and by indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities. All these differences will be reflected in the Report.



A chance to Improve Rural Health and Education in India

This is a discussion on A chance to Improve Rural Health and Education in India within the General forums, part of the Community Lounge category; Topic: There is a facebook competition for community organization's and the winner get's 1 million dollars. Isha an Indian organization focussing ...

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Old 01-19-2010, 09:45 AM
chennaijobs chennaijobs is offline
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Join Date: Aug 2009
Location: Southern California, USA
Indian City: Southern India
Posts: 6
A chance to Improve Rural Health and Education in India

There is a facebook competition for community organization's and the winner get's 1 million dollars. Isha an Indian organization focussing on spirituality, education and rural improvement in India is one of the organization competing for this prize.

It is a nobel cause and a chance to help India. Please vote based on your convenience

Please follow the link to vote http://bit.ly/4AuCGG


Thanks and Regards






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ไทรไข่มุก สาริกาลิ้นทอง สาลิกาลิ้นทอง [Main : หน้ารวมเกษตร พรรณไม้] ไทร ไข่มุก สาริกาลิ้นทอง สาลิกาลิ้นทอง เป็นตัวเดียวกัน แล้วแต่จะเรียกครับ เป็น ไม้มงคล เกี่ยวกับการเจรจา ค้าขาย การขยายพันธุ์ ขยาย พันธุ์ โดยการ ปักชำ จุ่มยาเร่งรากชนิดเข้มข้น แล้วผสมยากันเชื้อราด้วยก็ดี หรือตัดมาแช่ในน้ำ รากก็จะงอกออกมา ตอน หรือ ทาบกิ่ง จะยุ่งยากไป เป็นไม้กลางแจ้ง แดดแรง ๆ ใบจะงอกงามและมีตุ่มแดง ถ้าแดดจัดตุ่มจะออกเขียวอมขาว ยิ่งตัดกิ่งยิ่งแตกออก http://www.bloggang.com/viewdiary.php?id=all4u&month=02-2007&date=03&group=11&gblog=8 http://gotoknow.org/file/kanda-da/list?page=35 Hedera helix. English Ivy. Origin: Europe. High light plant with some direct Hedera canariensis Algerian Ivy Origin: Canary Islands, North Africa High light plant; 8" pot size; comes very full with trailers to 18" or more; leaf size over double that of English Ivy; large bright-green maple-leaf shaped glossy foliage; low maintenance; can be trained to a trellis; makes a wonderful cascade in a hanging planter; 22.00 Hedera helix English Ivy Origin: Europe High light plant with some direct sun; variegated; 8" pot size; 12 - 15" height with some trailers; plant will revert to green in lower lighting; many cultivars available; tiny, star-like leaves in chains along stems; 20.00 http://www.landscapeproductsdepot.com/trailing_plants.htm http://blogs.chron.com/diggingin/2008/12/ http://blog.scs.sk.ca/greenemailsignatureinitiative/2010/01/english_ivy.html http://blog.scs.sk.ca/greenemailsignatureinitiative/2010/01/english_ivy.html Hedera helix 'Goldheart'. http://lifeamongtheleaves.blogspot.com/2009/11/my-heart-belongs-to-hedera.html http://www.keith-allen.co.uk/garden/photo.htm http://www.gcnursery.co.uk/pics/top5.html http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/newsletters/hortupdate/jan01/hujan01.html English Ivy (Hedera helix) ________________________________________ Since they are vines, English ivy lends itself quite well to training into topiaries of various shapes. They are also useful simply as pots containing several individual plants as shown in the photograph. Occasional pruning keeps the plants compact and attractive. Mid-winter is an excellent time to take and root cuttings of English ivies. The plant in the photograph is a result of five individual cuttings stuck directly into the pot and placed in a shady area of the garden for about a month. Take four to six inch tip cuttings and remove the leaves from the lower third of the cutting. Using a pencil or similar dibble stick form holes in the media before inserting the cuttings and firming the media around each one. The application of rooting hormones will increase success with the cuttings but is not necessary. Water every two or three days as needed to keep the media uniformly moist during the rooting period. English ivies prefer shaded areas and can become scorched in hot, sunny exposures. A real advantage to having some pots of these plants is that they are quite cold hardy and do not need to be taken indoors during winter. They also thrive in brightly lit areas inside the home. http://www.fassadengruen.de/eng/uw/climbing_plants/uw/english_ivy/english_ivy.htm English Ivy Hedera helix // colchica (Persian Ivy) Home (German) Home (English) Climbing Plants - Summary http://www.beautifulbotany.com/Stock%20G-I.htm Hedera helix 'Variegata' – Variegated English Ivy – vine http://www.cryleaf.com/fs/hangers.html http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/groundcovers/hgic1105.html Ivy Prepared by Marjan Kluepfel HGIC Information Specialist, and Bob Polomski. Extension consumer Horticulturist, Clemson University. (New 05/99. Images added 03/07.) HGIC 1105 Printer Friendly Version (PDF) Ivy plants include English ivy (Hedera helix), Algerian ivy (Hedera canariensis), and Persian ivy (Hedera colchina). Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) is an unrelated climbing plant used in similar ways. For information on poison ivy (Rhus radicans) see HGIC 2307, Poison Ivy. English, Algerian, & Persian Ivy Mature Height/Spread: English ivy is an evergreen creeping vine forming a dense mat of dark green foliage. It spreads horizontally over the ground, 6 to 8 inches high, or climbs on walls, fences and trellises up to 50 feet high. The plant has woody stems and climbs by aerial rootlets that cling easily to brick or masonry, but less so to wood. The vine has rich, shiny, dark green, lobed leaves that hold their color if protected from winter sun and wind. Mature plants bear round clusters of small greenish flowers, followed by ¼-inch blue-black berries. 'Glacier English ivy in winter. Karen Russ, ©2007 HGIC, Clemson Extension Hedera helix 'Arborescens' is plain green; 'Glacier' has leaves variegated gray and green, with pink and white margins. 'Baltica,' 'Bulgaria' and 'Hebron' are very hardy forms with small leaves. Very small-leafed forms are 'Conglomerata,' a slow-growing dwarf; 'Hahn's Self-Branching,' with light green leaves and dense branching; and 'Minima' with leaves ½ to 1 inch across. Many cutleaf and variegated cultivars exist. Algerian ivy (Hedera canariensis) has shiny, green leaves 5 to 8 inches wide, with three to five shallow lobes, more widely spaced along the stems than on English ivy. 'Variegata' or variegated Algerian ivy has leaves edged with yellowish white. Persian ivy (Hedera colchica) has oval to heart-shaped leaves, 3 to 7 inches wide and to 10 inches long (largest leaves of all ivies). Persian ivy is more cold hardy. 'Dentata' is faintly toothed. ' Dentata Variegata' is marbled with deep green, gray green, and creamy white. 'Sulpher Heart' has central gold variegation. Large-leafed Algerian ivy growing along a walk Millie Davenport, ©2007 HGIC, Clemson Extension Landscape Use: All are wonderful evergreens for shady locations. They are most useful on north- and east-facing banks, under trees where grass will not grow or as an underplanting between shrubs. The plant roots hold the soil, discouraging erosion and slippage on slopes. Roots grow deep and fill soil densely. Ivy climbs almost any vertical surface with aerial rootlets (small roots along the stem). Many small- and miniature-leafed forms of English ivy are useful for small-area ground covers, hanging baskets, and training to form intricate patterns on walls and in pots. Some are grown as houseplants, but if planted in protected sites, most are hardy. Cultivation: Plants perform best in rich, moist soil, well-supplied with organic material. They prefer shade, especially where summers are hot, or leaves may scorch. Plants are easy to grow from cuttings, many of which already have aerial roots. Plant in the spring and space the plants 1 foot apart for quick coverage within one year. Otherwise, it is more economical to space plants 18 to 24 inches apart. Most ivy groundcovers need trimming around the edges two or three times a year. When the ground cover builds up higher than you want, cut it back with hedge shears. Do this in spring so that new growth quickly covers bald look. Ivy can be a haven for slugs and snails, and rodents also, especially when it is never cut back. Problems: Fungal diseases, which may occur, are leaf spot, gray mold and root rot. Bacterial spot and canker can also be a serious problem. Nematodes, which are microscopic worms that live in the soil and feed on plant roots, may cause stunting of the plants. Spider mites may be a problem in hot, dry locations. Boston Ivy Mature Height/Spread: Boston ivy is a deciduous broadleaf plant, which will grow to a height of 50 to 60 feet when supported. The reddish-bronze new growth turns glossy, dark green in summer and changes to orange-red in fall. This vine bears clusters of blue-black berries. Cultivars include 'Beverly Brooks' with large leaves and bright red fall color; 'Lowii' with small leaves, creating a finer texture; and 'Purpurea' with reddish-purple summer foliage. Landscape Use: This plant is mainly used as a climbing vine. It is one of the best vines for covering structures or supports quickly. It has the potential to damage masonry walls and buildings due to its adhesive disks that cling to structures. The plant will cover windows and doors when given free rein. Cultivation: This plant prefers moist soils and partial shade to full sun. It tolerates a wide range of soil types and it also tolerates city conditions, but is less tolerant of drought, heat and sun than Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Plant two-year old plants. Prune annually to keep the plant in bounds. Problems: Boston ivy does not suffer from serious pests. Spider mites may be a problem in hot, dry locations. Boston ivy is sometimes confused with poison ivy, because it also has three leaflets. Boston ivy is not poisonous, but the best policy is to avoid plants that look like poison ivy. Page maintained by: Home & Garden Information Center This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service is implied. All recommendations are for South Carolina conditions and may not apply to other areas. Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. All recommendations for pesticide use are for South Carolina only and were legal at the time of publication, but the status of registration and use patterns are subject to change by action of state and federal regulatory agencies. Follow all directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed. Cultivation and uses Hedera helix in Szczecin-Zdroje, Poland Mixed green and yellow leaves of the cultivar 'Buttercup' It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.[5][10] Over 30 cultivars have been selected for such traits as yellow, white, variegated (e.g. 'Glacier'), and/or deeply lobed leaves (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), purple stems, and slow, dwarfed growth.[11] [edit] Ethnomedical uses In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and bronchitis.[12] In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.[13] Because of toxins also contained in the plant, it should only be used under the consultation of a qualified practitioner.[14] The leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.[15][16] [edit] Ecological damage Hedera helix is considered an invasive species in a number of areas to which it has been introduced, such as Australia[17] and parts of the United States.[18] Like other invasive vines, such as kudzu, it can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State and county sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Southern United States.[19][20] Its sale or import is banned in Oregon.[21] It is considered a noxious weed across southern, particularly south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas. Ivy can climb into the canopy of trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight,[20] a problem which does not normally occur in its native range.[5] In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other plants can develop.[20] [edit] References Well maintained / pruned ivy in late winter. It is essential to cut back the areas towards the roof regularly to prevent building damages. Ivy on a townhouse, the neighbouring houses kept free of ivy. Ivy can grow to 20m height and more, and without pruning can lift roof shingles and block downpipes. Ivy “tree” at the entrance to the Museum Bergen at Ruegen / Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Such a form can only be achieved with regular trimming or / and by using the mature form “Arborescens”. Ancient ivy on the corner of a house, mature form “Arborescens” Ivy is very suitable for greening fences, meshes etc Ivy on a stainless steel mesh, side wall of a bus shelter Evergreen ivy as a symbol of eternal life is an integral part of churches and cemeteries. Unfortunately, due to this “graveyard” character, many people don't like ivy. In our latitudes ivy is definitely evergreen and frost resistant (to approx. 500 m above sea level) Ivy is a popular climber because it is evergreen and is excellent for covering extensive wall areas. Requirements Sunny (full sun) to semi-shaded Position. Soils rich in nutrients and humus with good water provision. Growth and Leaves A self-clinging climber, or "sticker." Of particular interest for façade greening are the wild ie non-hybridised species and juvenile forms, which are generally good climbers with adventitious stem roots and, in moderate climates (Zone 6a and up), are reliably evergreen. The native form Hedera helix is a particularly reliable climber, while Hedera colchica is only reliable in optimal positions. The Irish Ivy Hedera helix “Hibernica” is particularly vigorous, but also less reliable in developing adventitious roots. Hedera helix “Woerner” is known to be especially frost resistant. Once an ivy can no longer grow further upwards, it will stop climbing with stem roots and convert to the senescent form “Arborescens”, which develops simple oval, acuminate leaves instead of lobed ones, grows as shrub only and is sold as a different species altogether. Flower and Fruit Flowers in September, a fragrant feasting meadow for bees! Fruit during or after winter. Bird food. Growth Support Systems For heights to 10m and more, it is recommended to install cables to assist climbing / attaching and also to prevent the plant from collapsing, because during a storm and especially if wall plaster is brittle, entire leaf mats may separate and collapse. For suitable rope systems refer below. Light and Medium, if necessary also Heavy Duty Support Systems. In addition, weaving the plant into fences, wire nets, trellises etc is very decorative. Pruning Possible at any time and often necessary to restrict growth as illustrated and described in photos. General Comments Ivy grows in a strongly light-shunning manner and can cause considerable building damages, especially when brickwork and render have cracks into which the ivy can grow and blast them apart with increasing stem girths. We are often asked how to treat the remainders of the adventitious roots after ripping down the plant from a façade during its renovation. The only way is to burn off / torching the plant traces and repaint the wall. Alternatively, to prevent such damages one can use horizontal climbing barriers such as projecting window sills (Photo) or if necessary, install metal sheets at a certain height to prevent the ivy from climbing any further, at least temporarily until the next pruning ... Poisonous fruit! Cultivation and uses Hedera helix in Szczecin-Zdroje, Poland Mixed green and yellow leaves of the cultivar 'Buttercup' It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.[5][10] Over 30 cultivars have been selected for such traits as yellow, white, variegated (e.g. 'Glacier'), and/or deeply lobed leaves (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), purple stems, and slow, dwarfed growth.[11] [edit] Ethnomedical uses In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and bronchitis.[12] In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.[13] Because of toxins also contained in the plant, it should only be used under the consultation of a qualified practitioner.[14] The leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.[15][16] [edit] Ecological damage Hedera helix is considered an invasive species in a number of areas to which it has been introduced, such as Australia[17] and parts of the United States.[18] Like other invasive vines, such as kudzu, it can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State and county sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Southern United States.[19][20] Its sale or import is banned in Oregon.[21] It is considered a noxious weed across southern, particularly south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas. Ivy can climb into the canopy of trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight,[20] a problem which does not normally occur in its native range.[5] In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other plants can develop.[20] [edit] References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedera_helix